三大一神論宗教簡明版 猶太教 伊斯蘭 基督教
註：人名譯名以基督新教聖經『和合譯本』和伊斯蘭古蘭經『馬堅譯本』為準
共同祖先共同源頭 敬拜同一位神 (希伯來語耶和華，阿拉伯語安拉)
猶太人與阿拉伯人是共同祖先的後代，都屬於閃族、閃米特族(Semite)，即聖經與古蘭經所載大洪水後僅存的挪亞 (Noah 家族中的長子閃（Shem）的後代；他們都認定是Abraham=Ibrahim（亞伯拉罕、易卜拉欣）的後裔。
**Abraham（亞伯拉罕、易卜拉欣）+元配Sarah（撒拉）－＞Isaac（以撒、易司哈各）－＞Jacob（雅各、葉而孤白；後來改名為Israel 以色列、伊斯拉衣) －＞Jews（猶太人系）;
**Abraham + 侍妾Haggar(夏甲、哈哲爾）－＞Ishmael（以實瑪利、伊斯瑪儀）－＞Arabs（阿拉伯人系）;
***分歧：有關亞伯拉罕獻子予神，得神喜悅，改以羊為祭，而得蒙祝福的記載（穆斯林『宰牲節』Eid al-Adha『忠孝節』－由來），希伯來聖經記載亞伯拉罕獻祭的是嫡長子以撒，因而上帝祝福的是猶太人；阿拉伯人堅稱獻祭的是庶長子伊斯瑪儀，上帝祝福的是阿拉伯人，猶太人竄改史實。
***猶太教與伊斯蘭有相同習俗與倫理The same practices and ethics:若屬於猶太教與伊斯蘭教最保守、極端正統、基本教義派者，都奉行no usury不收利息、不可放高利貸；no pork不吃豬肉；no drink不喝酒；no eye contact with any woman other than your wife or daughter除妻女之外，男人眼神不與其他女子接觸（這類猶太男子幾乎不出門，若有女子來訪，則以背對之；伊斯蘭教則以頭巾、面紗或更完整的頭罩施之於女子）；no idol不拜偶像；no icon不立聖像；no fornication不可有婚前性行為；no adultery不可有婚外情、不可通姦；eating no blood不可吃帶血食物；stone to death砸石處死通姦者。合乎猶太教教規宰殺烹調方式與食材稱為Kosher (可食) ，合乎伊斯蘭教規宰殺烹調方式與食材稱為Halal (清真) 。
猶太教：Adam(亞當、阿丹) --> Noah(挪亞、諾厄) --> Abraham(亞伯拉罕、亞伯郎、易卜拉欣) --> Moses (摩西、梅瑟、穆薩、母撒) -->猶太教徒（上帝選民）；猶太教經典：《希伯來語聖經》(Hebrew Bible)或稱為the Scriptures，希伯來語音譯為《塔納赫》（Tanakh，有譯作《泰納克》或《泰那克》）。《希伯來語聖經》與後來的基督教稱之為「舊約聖經」內容大致一樣但非完全相同，尤其是在某些書卷的屬性認定和在正典中的排列先後次序有別。
*伊斯蘭：Adam(亞當、阿丹)-->Noah(挪亞、諾厄)-->Abraham(亞伯拉罕、易卜拉欣)--->Moses(摩西、梅瑟、穆薩、母撒)-->Jesus(耶穌、爾薩)－＞Mohammed（穆罕默德）－＞穆斯林（上帝選民）；伊斯蘭經典：《可蘭經》(Koran or Quran)，天使傳給先知穆罕默德，其中有部分與《聖經》內容相同或類似，或同一主軸但走向與結果不同
***對耶穌的的認定
*猶太教：凡人，約瑟與瑪利亞的長子，以工匠為業，後來成為宗教狂熱分子，妄稱自己為彌賽亞、救世主，行為褻瀆神，是假的彌賽亞；被判處死刑，釘十字架之後死亡，並由追隨者裹布置埋墓穴，但屍體被追隨者盜走，而後宣稱已經復活；
*基督教：聖子，具完整神人二性，道成肉身降世，以釘十字架流血為人贖罪，使人與神得以修好，是救世主，是彌賽亞；在週五(Good Friday，受難日)被釘死後裹布置埋墓穴，但信徒於周日（Easter，復活節）前往墓穴，卻不見屍體，有天使出現，告知耶穌已經復活；
*伊斯蘭：一位好人、好老師、上帝使者，但地位低於穆罕默德；耶穌絕對不具有神性，如果說耶穌是神，就變成多神論，而非獨一神論。耶穌確實被釘十字架，但只是昏迷而未死去，有人救了他，治好傷勢之後，就隱姓埋名與妻子和子女過著的卑微生活。
***古老宗教與現代世界的適應問題 Church and State ,Mosque and State, Religion and Modern Ethics
No Virgin Birth, Original Sin, Resurrection, Assumption, Trinity, Second
Coming, Judgement Day, the End of World
Yes No
<------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
Secular government imposing tithe
Secular Semi-religious Religious
<----------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------>
Separation of church and state Theocracy Hierocracy Hagiocracy
<----------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------>
Clergymen paid by Government
Modernism Semi-modernism Moderate Fundamentalism
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Penal and civil codes for all Sharia for all <----------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------> Sharia for all Muslim and other laws for others
*遜尼Sunni: orthodox, most countries in Islamic world, Koran and Sunna;(Saudi Arabia’s Wahhabism=Puritanism in Christianity);
*什葉Shiite, Shia: heterodox--Ali(90% Iran, 30% Lebanon, 30% Iraq ),Ayatollah Khomeini, Islamic Revolution in Iran, 1979,hagiolatry, ultimate return of mystic Imam; temporary marriage; *蘇菲Sufi: Mysticism, Dervish (tourism in Turkey Egypt)
***Caliph哈利發: Successor to the Priest Mohammad; 守正道哈利發Rashidun Caliphs, Rightly Guided Caliphs
Conflicts:大衝突與分裂；以懲辦兇徒為藉口的權位之爭 The fourth Caliph Ali's inability
to punish the murderers of Uthman and Muawiyahs
refusal to pledge allegiance eventually led to Ali moved his army north to
confront Muawiyah.
**伍麥葉王朝哈利發Umayyad Caliphs
***卡巴拉戰役The Battle of Karbala 什葉派聖地與殉道者 680AD
**穆斯林朝代Muslim Dynasties
*白衣大食，伍麥葉王朝: Caliphs of Damascus (661–750);後白衣大食Emirs of Córdoba(756–929);Caliphs of
Córdoba(929–1031);
*黑衣大食，阿拔斯王朝Abbasid Caliphs: Caliphs of Baghdad (749–1258); Caliphs of Cairo
(1261–1517)；
*綠衣大食，法蒂瑪王朝Fatimid caliphs（909-1171)：in Tunisia before
973; Starting from 973 in Cairo;
*阿摩哈王朝Almohad Caliphs (1145–1269)，in Southern Spain and West Northern Africa；
*鄂圖曼土耳其蘇丹兼哈利發，Ottoman Sultans / Caliphs (1453–1924)in Istanbul；
*伊斯蘭國哈利發 Islamic State Caliphate(2014–present)On 29 June
2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was renamed the Islamic State
and Abu
Bakr al-Baghdadi was named its Caliph, using his actual name,
Ibrahim. The validity of this caliphate is highly contested, as it is not
recognized by any country or international organization (such as the UN) as a
legitimate political entity.
***Imam: leader of Shiitte伊瑪目：
In the Shi'a context, Imam is not only presented as the man of God par
excellence but as participating fully in the names, attributes and acts that
theology usually reserves for God alone. Imams have a meaning
more central to belief, referring to leaders of the community. Twelver
and Ismaili Shi'a believe that these imams are chosen by God to be
perfect examples for the faithful and to lead all humanity in all aspects of
life. They also believe that all the imams chosen are free from
committing any sin, impeccability which is called ismah.
These leaders must be followed since they are appointed by God.
***伊斯蘭什葉派內部對於最高領袖伊瑪目的繼承與認定有糾紛，因而又分裂為十二伊瑪目派Twlevers（伊朗為主）、七伊瑪目派Seveners （伊斯馬儀派Ismaili Shi'a，綠衣大食，法蒂瑪王朝），五伊瑪目派Fivers (宰德派Zaidism，葉門最多）, Alawite(敘利亞)
**敘利亞的特殊情況：Sunni Arabs account for 59–60% of the population, most Kurds (9%) and Turkomen (3%) are Sunni, while 13% are Shia (Alawite, Twelvers, and Ismailis combined), 10% Christian (the majority Antiochian Orthodox, the rest including Greek Catholic, Assyrian Church of the East, Armenian Orthodox, Protestants and other denominations), and 3% Druze. Druze number around 500,000, and concentrate mainly in the southern area of Jabal al-Druze.
**十二伊瑪目派Twlevers（年代為任職期間）(註：阿拉伯語 bin=son of ; 希伯來語ben)
1. Ali ibn Abu Talib(as Imam: 632-661);
11. Hassan ibn Ali(868-874);
12. Muhammad ibn al-Hassan
(馬赫迪－救世主，隱身的伊瑪目，再出現時就是末日審判，他會拯救穆斯林；al-Mahdi, Hidden Imam, 868-->??)
***七伊瑪目派、伊斯馬儀派Ismaili Shi'a:believe that Ismā'īl ibn Jaʻfar was the seventh and the last Imām (hereditary leader of the Muslim
community in the direct line of ʻAlī ibn Abī Tālib). They
believed his son, Muħammad ibn Ismā'īl al-Maktum, would return
and bring about a age of justice as Mahdi. Their most famous and active
branch were the Qarmatians(Those Who Wrote in Small Letters).
1. Ali ibn Abu Talib(as Imam: 632-661); (as Caliph recognized by
Sunni:656-661);
2. Hasan ibn `Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib(661-669);
6. Ja`far ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq(733-765);
7.Ismāʿīl ibn Ja‘far al-Mubārak(765-775); Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl(761-809; Mahid, Hidden Imam)
**五伊瑪目派認定的伊瑪目：（葉門為主）
1. Ali ibn Abu Talib(as Imam: 632-661); (as Caliph recognized by
Sunni:656-661);
2. Hasan ibn `Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib(661-669);
3. Al-Ḥusayn(Hussein) ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib(669-680);
4. Ali ibn al-Hussein(680-713), 獲尊稱為Zayn
al-Abedin (the jewel of worshippers);
5. Zayd ibn ‘Alī
(Zaid, Zayyed, Sa‘id or
Sajjad(713-740)
***Marriage Now in Islamic World
Mostly arranged by father and prospective husband with bride
money no less than 3000 $ now around Gulf states as a contract.
Monogamy for ordinary
people but polygyny with no more than four wives for rich and
powerful ones; modern civil code will stipulate that when taking second wife,
whether the first wife can ask for a divorce or not. Repeating “I divorce you”
three times before witnesses (talaq) without paying any
alimony.
Wife actively asking for divorce has to return bride money and a
big sum of ransom, normally regarded a shame by the family. Honor killing:
in remote areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan.Male Muslim can marry women
belonging to the people of the Book(Jews and Christians).Female Muslim can only
marry Male Muslim.
***A very special and convenient marriage:什葉派中的十二伊瑪目派有一種很特別的暫時婚制度： temporary marriage; Nikāḥ al-Mutʿah ," is a type of marriage used in Twelver Shia
Islam, where the duration of the marriage and the dowry
must be specified and agreed upon in advance. It is a private contract made
in a verbal or written format. A declaration of the intent to marry
and an acceptance of the terms are required (as they are in nikah
(marriage in Islam). al-Mutʿah marriage was also practiced by the pre-islamic Arabs.
The practice is often viewed as a cover for promiscuity or prostitution.At
the end of the contract, the marriage ends and the wife must undergo iddah (a period of
abstinence from sexual intercourse, usually the length of two menstrual
cycles). Generally, the Nikah mut'ah has no proscribed
minimum or maximum duration.暫時婚持續時間可能三天、三周、三月、三年不等，結束後男子可立即另結新的暫時婚，但女子必須經過兩個經期且無性行為的階段，才可以另結新的暫時婚。其他教派抨擊這種制度使雜交與賣淫合法化，使什葉派教士在遠行時可以一直輪替性伴侶，而且這種婚制必須向教士登記或註銷，使他們靠收手續費就富裕的不得了。
***Sunni in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism (Wahhābiya(h)) or Wahhabi mission (ad-Da'wa al-Wahhābiya(h) ) is a religious movement or offshoot branch of Sunni Islam. It has been variously described as "orthodox", "ultraconservative", "austere", "fundamentalist", "puritanical" (or "puritan"); as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship" (tawhid), by scholars and advocates and as an "extremist pseudo-Sunni movement" by opponents. Adherents often object to the term Wahhabi or Wahhabism as derogatory, and prefer to be called Salafi or muwahhid.
**Sunni
Islam Countries: Afghanistan Algeria Brunei Comoros Egypt Jordan Libya Maldives Malaysia Mauritania Morocco Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Tunisia United Arab Emira
**Shiʾa Islam: Iran (theocracy); Ibadi: Oman: Mixed Shia and Sunni: Kuwait Yemen (Zaydi fiqh among Zaydi Shias) Bahrain
未完待續
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